TCP/IP and OSI
Protocol- set of seles.
Protocol family- set of set of rules (TCP/IP IPX/SPX Netbios).
OSI- mostly spread model.
OSI link. 
IEEE802Ethernet
Frame
Protocols
Monitoring
To monitor: ethereal wireshark, packetyzer.
ARP problems
1. flood
2. poisoning
3. sniffing
If a host on a network has the address 172.16.45.14/30, what is the address of the
subnetwork to which this host belongs?
A. 172.16.45.0
B. 172.16.45.4
C. 172.16.45.8
D. 172.16.45.12
E. 172.16.45.18
Which one of the binary number ranges shown below corresponds to the value of the first
octet in Class B address range?
A. 10000000-11101111
B. 11000000-11101111
C. 10000000-10111111
D. 10000000-11111111
E. 11000000-10111111
How would the number 172 be expressed in binary form?
A. 10010010
B. 10011001
C. 10101100
D. 10101110
Which two of the addresses below are available for host addresses on the subnet
192.168.15.19/28? (Select two answer choices)
A. 192.168.15.17
B. 192.168.15.14
C. 192.168.15.29
D. 192.168.15.16
E. 192.168.15.31
F. None of the above
You have a Class C network, and you need ten subnets. You wish to have as many
addresses available for hosts as possible. Which one of the following subnet masks
should you use?
A. 255.255.255.192
B. 255.255.255.224
C. 255.255.255.240
D. 255.255.255.248
E. None of the above
How many subnetworks and hosts are available per subnet if you apply a /28 mask
to the 210.10.2.0 class C network?
A. 30 networks and 6 hosts.
B. 6 networks and 30 hosts.
C. 8 networks and 32 hosts.
D. 32 networks and 18 hosts.
E. 16 networks and 14 hosts.
F. None of the above
IP addresses
http://www.iana.orghttp://www.iana.org/numbers/AfriNIC Africa Region
APNIC Asia/Pacific Region
ARIN North America Region
LACNIC Latin America and some Caribbean Islands
RIPE NCC Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
Special addresses
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3330.txt0.0.0.0/8 - Addresses in this block refer to source hosts on "this"
network. Address 0.0.0.0/32 may be used as a source address for this
host on this network; other addresses within 0.0.0.0/8 may be used to
refer to specified hosts on this network [RFC1700, page 4].
10.0.0.0/8 - This block is set aside for use in private networks.
Its intended use is documented in [RFC1918]. Addresses within this
block should not appear on the public Internet.
14.0.0.0/8 - This block is set aside for assignments to the
international system of Public Data Networks [RFC1700, page 181]. The
registry of assignments within this block can be accessed from the
"Public Data Network Numbers" link on the web page at
http://www.iana.org/numbers.html. Addresses within this block are
assigned to users and should be treated as such.
24.0.0.0/8 - This block was allocated in early 1996 for use in
provisioning IP service over cable television systems. Although the
IANA initially was involved in making assignments to cable operators,
this responsibility was transferred to American Registry for Internet
Numbers (ARIN) in May 2001. Addresses within this block are assigned
in the normal manner and should be treated as such.
39.0.0.0/8 - This block was used in the "Class A Subnet Experiment"
that commenced in May 1995, as documented in [RFC1797]. The
experiment has been completed and this block has been returned to the
pool of addresses reserved for future allocation or assignment. This
block therefore no longer has a special use and is subject to
allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the
normal manner.
127.0.0.0/8 - This block is assigned for use as the Internet host
loopback address. A datagram sent by a higher level protocol to an
address anywhere within this block should loop back inside the host.
This is ordinarily implemented using only 127.0.0.1/32 for loopback,
but no addresses within this block should ever appear on any network
anywhere [RFC1700, page 5].
128.0.0.0/16 - This block, corresponding to the numerically lowest of
the former Class B addresses, was initially and is still reserved by
the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address
space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses
in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet
Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
169.254.0.0/16 - This is the "link local" block. It is allocated for
communication between hosts on a single link. Hosts obtain these
addresses by auto-configuration, such as when a DHCP server may not
be found.
172.16.0.0/12 - This block is set aside for use in private networks.
Its intended use is documented in [RFC1918]. Addresses within this
block should not appear on the public Internet.
191.255.0.0/16 - This block, corresponding to the numerically highest
to the former Class B addresses, was initially and is still reserved
by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address
space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses
in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet
Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
192.0.0.0/24 - This block, corresponding to the numerically lowest of
the former Class C addresses, was initially and is still reserved by
the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address
space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses
in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet
Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
192.0.2.0/24 - This block is assigned as "TEST-NET" for use in
documentation and example code. It is often used in conjunction with
domain names example.com or example.net in vendor and protocol
documentation. Addresses within this block should not appear on the
public Internet.
192.88.99.0/24 - This block is allocated for use as 6to4 relay
anycast addresses, according to [RFC3068].
192.168.0.0/16 - This block is set aside for use in private networks.
Its intended use is documented in [RFC1918]. Addresses within this
block should not appear on the public Internet.
198.18.0.0/15 - This block has been allocated for use in benchmark
tests of network interconnect devices. Its use is documented in
[RFC2544].
223.255.255.0/24 - This block, corresponding to the numerically
highest of the former Class C addresses, was initially and is still
reserved by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP
address space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and
addresses in this block are subject to future allocation to a
Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
224.0.0.0/4 - This block, formerly known as the Class D address
space, is allocated for use in IPv4 multicast address assignments.
The IANA guidelines for assignments from this space are described in
[RFC3171].
240.0.0.0/4 - This block, formerly known as the Class E address
space, is reserved. The "limited broadcast" destination address
255.255.255.255 should never be forwarded outside the (sub-)net of
the source. The remainder of this space is reserved for future use.
[RFC1700, page 4]
3. Summary Table
Address Block Present Use Reference
---------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0.0.0/8 "This" Network [RFC1700, page 4]
10.0.0.0/8 Private-Use Networks [RFC1918]
14.0.0.0/8 Public-Data Networks [RFC1700, page 181]
24.0.0.0/8 Cable Television Networks --
39.0.0.0/8 Reserved but subject
to allocation [RFC1797]
127.0.0.0/8 Loopback [RFC1700, page 5]
128.0.0.0/16 Reserved but subject
to allocation --
169.254.0.0/16 Link Local --
172.16.0.0/12 Private-Use Networks [RFC1918]
191.255.0.0/16 Reserved but subject
to allocation --
192.0.0.0/24 Reserved but subject
to allocation --
192.0.2.0/24 Test-Net
192.88.99.0/24 6to4 Relay Anycast [RFC3068]
192.168.0.0/16 Private-Use Networks [RFC1918]
198.18.0.0/15 Network Interconnect
Device Benchmark Testing [RFC2544]
223.255.255.0/24 Reserved but subject
to allocation --
224.0.0.0/4 Multicast [RFC3171]
240.0.0.0/4 Reserved for Future Use [RFC1700, page 4]
